Defective - Wiktionary ~ UpdateNews

As a defective verb is one which cannot be completely conjugated, the failure of "can" and "shall" to conjugate in the third person (which is regular in Modern English verbs) and their lack of infinatives and participles are precisely what makes them defective.-- Jr mints 17:40, 27 January 2007 (UTC)Another defective verb is the archaic quoth, a past tense which is the only surviving form of the verb quethe, "to say" (related to bequeath). A more archaic defective verb is "methinks", which can take neither an object nor a subject other than the first person singular.Those are verbs which do not have all forms required to create sentences in different tenses. See explanation for examples. Some English verbs are missing forms used to create sentences in diifferent tenses. For example: the verb can is such a verb because although it has got Past Simple form could, it does not have Past Participle form used to create Perfect tenses.Defective-verb meaning (grammar) A verb with an incomplete conjugation; for example, one that can only be conjugated in certain persons and numbers. The verb can is defective in most English dialects, as it lacks an infinitive.In linguistics, a defective verb is a verb with an incomplete conjugation, or cannot be used in some other way that normal verbs come.Defective verbs cannot be conjugated in certain tenses, aspects, or moods.. Arabic. In Arabic, defective verbs are called أفعال جامدة (lit., solid verbs).These verbs do not change tense, nor do they form related nouns.

Defective verb - WikiMili, The Free Encyclopedia

defective verb (plural defective verbs) (grammar) A verb with an incomplete conjugation; for example, one that can only be conjugated in certain persons and numbers. The verb can is defective in most English dialects, as it lacks an infinitive.The ones that I found most convincing as possible defective verbs are repute and rumo (u)r, which most often occur in passive-looking constructions in the forms reputed and rumo (u)red (although I'm not sure how clearly we can establish that these are verb forms and not adjectives; see the question Is "rumored" a verb or an adjective (a participle adjective)?Video shows what defective verb means. A verb with an incomplete conjugation; for example, one that can only be conjugated in certain persons and numbers.. defective verb pronunciation. How todefective verb (also: a defective verb)

What are defective verbs? + Example - Socratic.org

Defective definition is - having a defect or flaw : imperfect in form, structure, or function. How to use defective in a sentence.Two or more defective verbs may supplement one another and so make up what serves as one complete verb. This has happened with some of the commonest verbs, as in English am, is, are, was, be, or go, went. So in Greek for the aorist and perfect ofdefective verb (English)Noun defective verb (pl. defective verbs) (grammar) A verb with an incomplete conjugation; for example, one that can only be conjugated in certain persons and numbers.The verb can is defective in most English dialects, as it lacks an infinitive.; Translations defective verb - verb with an incomplete conjugation. Armenian: պակասավոր բայ‎In linguistics, a defective verb is a verb that either entails incomplete conjugation or lacks a conjugated form, and cannot by itself express certain tenses, aspects, persons, genders, or modalities in the manner of verbs amenable to an archetypal range of conjugation.Defective definition, having a defect or flaw; faulty; imperfect: a defective machine. See more.

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In linguistics, a defective verb is a verb that either entails incomplete conjugation or lacks a conjugated variety, and can not on its own express positive tenses, facets, individuals, genders, or modalities within the way of verbs amenable to an archetypal range of conjugation.

English

Common defectives

The most usually identified defective verbs in English are auxiliary verbs—the category of preterite-present verbs—can/could, would possibly/may, shall/must, should, ought, and can/would (would being a later historic building). Though those verbs weren't in the beginning defective, in most kinds of English today, they happen simplest in a modal auxiliary sense. However, in contrast to normal auxiliary verbs, they don't seem to be incessantly conjugated within the infinitive mood. Therefore, these defective auxiliaries do not settle for each and every other as items. Additionally, they don't frequently appear as participles.

For instance, can lacks an infinitive, long term nerve-racking, participle, crucial, and gerund. The lacking portions of speech are as a substitute equipped by means of using the best forms of to be plus ready to. So, while I may just write and I was ready to write down have the same that means, I may just has two meanings relying on use, which can be I was ready to or I'd be capable of. One can't say *I can can, which is as a substitute expressed as I can. Similarly, will have to has no true past demanding form, this as a substitute being supplied by means of had (the past anxious of have), and "to have to" within the infinitive, an instance of composite conjugation. The past stressful expressing the obligatory aspect of should is expressed as "had to", as in He had to cross. "Must have", on the other hand, expresses likelihood or probability in trendy English, e.g., "If that's thunder, there must have been lightning."

Some verbs are changing into more defective as time is going on; as an example, even though might is etymologically the beyond disturbing (preterite) of would possibly, it's now not generally used as such (*he might no longer go for "he was forbidden to pass"). Similarly, should is no longer used because the past of shall, yet with a separate meaning indicating risk or ethical legal responsibility. (However, the usage of the preterite variety should as a subjunctive sort continues, as in If I will have to pass there the next day to come, ..., which contrasts with the indicative sort I shall cross there day after today.) The defective verb ought was once etymologically the past hectic of owe (the love he ought his children), but it surely has since break up off, leaving owe as a non-defective verb with its original sense and a normal past worrying (owed).

Beyond the modal auxiliaries, beware is a fully-fledged defective verb of English: it is used as an crucial (Beware of the dog) and an infinitive (I will have to beware of the canine), but very hardly ever or by no means as a finite verb, particularly with inflectional endings (*bewared, *bewares). The be aware begone is the same: any utilization other than as an crucial is highly marked. Another defective verb is the archaic quoth, a past demanding which is the only surviving type of the verb quethe, "to say" (associated with bequeath).

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs corresponding to to rain and to snow percentage some characteristics with the defective verbs in that forms corresponding to I rain or they snow aren't frequently found; then again, the an important distinction is that impersonal verbs are "missing" sure forms for semantic causes—in different words, the paperwork themselves exist and the verb is capable of being solely conjugated with all its paperwork (and is subsequently not defective) yet some paperwork are not going to be discovered because they seem meaningless or nonsensical.

Nevertheless, native speakers can generally use and perceive metaphorical and even literal sentences where the "meaningless" bureaucracy exist, akin to I rained on his parade.

Contrast the impersonal verb rain (the entire forms of which exist, even supposing they infrequently glance semantically atypical) with the defective verb can (simplest I will be able to and I could are imaginable). In maximum cases, a synonym for the defective verb will have to be used instead (i.e. "to be able to"). (The bureaucracy with an asterisk (*) are unattainable, no less than with admire to the related sense of the verb; those phonemes might through accident be attested with appreciate to a homograph [as with "canning" = "the act of preserving and packaging in cans"].)

Arabic

In Arabic, defective verbs are known as Arabic: أفعال جامدة‎, romanized: ʾafʿāl jāmidah (lit., forged verbs). These verbs don't alternate aggravating, nor do they form comparable nouns. A famous example is the verb ليس laysa, which interprets as it is not, though it's not the only auxiliary verb that shows this property. Some Arabic grammarians argue that دام "daama" (as an auxiliary verb) could also be totally defective; those that refute this declare still imagine it in part defective. Some other in part defective verbs are "fati'a" and zaala, that have neither an crucial type nor an infinitive kind when used as auxiliary verbs.

Finnish

At least one Finnish verb lacks the first infinitive (dictionary/lemma) variety. In Finnish, "kutian helposti" ("I'm sensitive to tickling") can also be mentioned, but for the verb "kutian" (here conjugated in singular first person, present stressful) there's no non-conjugated variety. Hypothetically, the first infinitive could be "kudita", but this manner is not in reality used. Additionally, the destructive verb (ei, et, en, emme...) has neither an infinitive kind nor a 1st consumer singular crucial type.

French

There are a number of defective verbs in French.

falloir ("to be necessary"; handiest the third-person bureaucracy with il exist; the present indicative conjugation, il faut, may be very frequently used) braire ("to bray"; simplest infinitive, present participle, and third-person paperwork exist)[1] frire ("to fry"; lacks non-compound beyond bureaucracy; audio system paraphrase with an identical sorts of faire frire) clore ("to conclude"; lacks a less than perfect conjugation, as well as first and second user plural present indicative conjugations) gésir ("to lie horizontally", ceaselessly used in enscriptions on gravestones; can simplest be conjugated within the gift, imperfect, gift imperative, reward participle and very hardly ever, the simple future paperwork)

Impersonal verbs, equivalent to climate verbs, serve as as they do in English.

German

In recent German, the verb erkiesen, which means that "to choose/elect" (typically regarding a person chosen for a distinct process or honour), is most effective used previously participle (erkoren) and, more infrequently, the beyond aggravating (ich erkor and many others.). All other forms, together with the infinitive, have lengthy develop into obsolete and are actually unknown and unintelligible to trendy speakers. It remains common within the carefully related Dutch language as verkiezen, e.g. Verkiezingen in Nederland (Wikipedia in Dutch).

Classical Greek

"No single Greek verb shows all the tenses", and "most verbs have only six of" the nine categories of tense-systems, and "[s]carcely any verb shows all nine systems".[2]

The verb χρή (khrē, 'it is crucial'), only exists within the third-person-singular reward and imperfect ἐχρῆν / χρῆν (ekhrēn / khrēn, 'it used to be necessary').

There are also verbs like οἶδα (oida, 'I know'), which use the easiest variety for the present and the pluperfect (right here ᾔδη ēidē, 'I used to be realizing') for the imperfect.

Additionally, the verb εἰμί (eimi, 'I'm') most effective has a present, a future and an imperfect – it lacks an aorist, a perfect, a pluperfect and a long run absolute best.

Hindustani

In Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu) all the verbs except for the verb hona (to be) lack the following conjugations.

Indicative Mood Present Imperfect Presumptive Mood Subjunctive Mood Present

The comparison between the conjugations of hona (to be) and the conjugations of all other verbs are proven in the table underneath:

non-aspectual conjugations of "honā (to be)" mood hectic singular plural 1P - mãĩ 2P - tum1 3P - yah/ye, vah/vo 1P - ham 2P - āp1 2P - tū 3P - ye, ve/vo ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ indicative reward hū̃ ho hai hãĩ absolute best huā huī hue huī huā huī hue huī̃ imperfect thā thī the thī thā thī the thī̃ future2 - 1 hoū̃gā hoū̃gī hooge hoogī hoegā hoegī hoẽge hoẽgī future2 - 2 hū̃gā hū̃gī hoge hogī hogā hogī hõge hõgī presumptive gift past subjunctive reward hū̃ ho ho hõ long term hoū̃ hoo hoe hoẽ contrafactual past hotā hotī hote hotī hotā hotī hote hotī̃ imperative present — hoo ho hoiye long run — honā hoiyo hoiyegā non-aspectual conjugations of "karnā (to do)" temper traumatic singular plural 1P - mãĩ 2P - tum1 3P - yah/ye, vah/vo 1P - ham 2P - āp1 2P - tū 3P - ye, ve/vo ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ indicative reward — — — — very best kiyā kī kiye kī kiyā kī kiye kī̃ imperfect — — — — — — — — future2 - 1 karū̃gā karū̃gī karoge karogī karegā karegī karẽge karẽgī future2 - 2 — — — — — — — — presumptive reward past subjunctive gift — — — — — — — — future karū̃ karo kare karẽ contrafactual beyond kartā kartī karte kartī kartā kartī karte kartī̃ imperative reward — karo kar kariye long run — karnā kariyo kariyegā 1the pronouns tum and ham can be used in each singular and plural sense, akin to the English pronoun you. 2 the indicative long term 1 and future 2 conjugations are synonymous, then again, only the longer term 2 conjugations can be used because the presumptive mood copula.

Some verbs in Hindustani that have monosyllabic verb roots finishing in the vowels /i/, /ī/ or /e/ are defective because they have got the second one user intimate and formal long run crucial conjugations that are uncommon to local speakers of Hindustani and are almost hardly used. The * mark prior to some intimate crucial bureaucracy beneath displays the ones hardly used forms.[1]

Verbs Infinitive Intimate Neutral Formal Present Future Present Future Present Future do karnā kar kariyo karo karnā kījiye kījiyegā give denā de diyo do denā dījiye dījiyegā drink pīnā pī *pīiyo piyo pīnā pījiye pījiyegā live jīnā jī *jīiyo jiyo jīnā *jīiye *jīiyegā stitch sīnā sī *sīiyo siyo sīnā *sīiye *sīiyegā

Hungarian

Some Hungarian verbs have both no subjunctive forms or bureaucracy which sound unusual to local speakers, e.g. csuklik ('hiccup'). See additionally a short summary about them in the English-language Wiktionary.

Irish

Arsa ("says") can most effective be utilized in beyond or gift tenses. The copula is lacks a long run aggravating, an crucial temper, and a verbal noun. It has no distinct conditional irritating paperwork either, but conditional expressions are conceivable, expressed the use of past worrying paperwork; for example Ba mhaith liom é, which will imply both "I liked it" and "I would like it". The crucial mood is once in a while suppletively created by means of the usage of the crucial forms of the substantive verb bí. Future worrying bureaucracy, alternatively, are inconceivable and will most effective be expressed periphrastically.

There could also be dar ("[it] appears"), a temporally unbiased verb that always appears in combination with the preposition le.

Korean

Korean has several defective verbs. 말다 (malda, "to stop or desist") might only be used in the crucial sort or in the hortative sort, after an 'action verb + 지 (ji)' development. Within this scope it may possibly still conjugate for different ranges of politeness, reminiscent of "하지 마!" (Haji ma!, "Stop that!") against this with "하지 마십시오" (Haji masipsiyo, "Please, don't do that"). Also, 데리다 (derida, "to bring/pick up someone") is simplest used as 데리고 (derigo, "bringing X and..."), 데리러 (derireo, "in order to pick up"), or 데려 (deryeo, infinitive) in some compound paperwork.

Latin

Latin has defective verbs that possess bureaucracy best in the easiest anxious; such verbs haven't any reward stressful paperwork whatsoever. These verbs are nonetheless found in that means. For instance, the first-person form odi ("I hate") and infinitive odisse ("to hate") appear to be the easiest of a hypothetical verb *odo/odio, yet in fact have a present-tense which means. Similarly, the verb memini, meminisse is conjugated in the very best, but has a gift meaning:

meminī meministī meminit meminimus meministis meminērunt

Instead of the past-tense "I remembered", "you remembered", and many others., these paperwork signify the present-tense "I remember", "you remember", etc. Latin defective verbs also possess incessantly shaped pluperfect forms with easy past anxious meanings and long term highest paperwork with easy future stressful meanings. Compare deponent verbs, which might be passive in sort but energetic in meaning.

The verb coepī, coepisse, which means that "to have begun" or "began", is another verb that lacks a present anxious gadget. However, it isn't present in that means. The verb incipiō, incipere ("I begin," "to begin") is used within the reward worrying as a substitute. This is not a case of suppletion, however, since the verb incipere can also be utilized in the perfect.

The verbs inquit and ait, both which means "said", cannot be conjugated via all paperwork. Both verbs lack a large number of inflected bureaucracy, with entire tenses and voices missing altogether.

Polish

widać ("it is evident") and słychać ("it is audible") are both highly defective in Polish. The most effective kinds of these verbs that exist are the infinitives.

Portuguese

A lot of Portuguese verbs are defective in consumer, i.e., they lack the right kind variety for one of the vital pronouns in some annoying. The verb colorir ("to color") has no first-person singular in the present, thus requiring a paraphrase, like estou colorindo ("I am coloring") or the usage of any other verb of a equivalent meaning, like pintar ("to paint").

Russian

Some Russian verbs are defective, in that they lack a first user singular non-past variety: for example, победить ("to win"), убедить ("to convince"), дудеть ("to play the pipe"). These are all verbs whose stem results in a palatalized alveolar consonant;[3] they don't seem to be a closed class, but come with of their number neologisms and loanwords corresponding to френдить ("to friend", as on a social community).[4] Where one of these verb type can be required, speakers normally change a synonymous verb ("Я выиграю"), or use a periphrastic building involving nominalization and an extra verb ("Я одержу победу"). Also the notice "смогу (I'll be able to, I'll manage to)" is used: "(Я) смогу победить", "(я) смогу убедить").

Many experiential verbs describe processes that people can't normally go through, equivalent to пригореть ("to be burnt", referring to food), куститься ("to grow in clusters"), and протекать ("to seep")—are ordinarily nonsensical in the first or 2d consumer. As these forms rarely appear, they're incessantly described as "defective" in descriptions of Russian grammar.[5] However, it is a semantic constraint slightly than a syntactic one; evaluate the classic nonsensical-but-grammatical sentence Colorless inexperienced ideas sleep furiously, or more at once, the English word I'm raining. First and 2d person kinds of those verbs do see use in metaphor and poetry.[6]

Spanish

Spanish defective verbs in most cases use paperwork with stem endings that begin with -i.[7] The verbs aren't recurrently used.

aguerrir arrecirse aterirse balbucir (present in forms finishing in -i, yet most commonly changed by balbucear) blandir despavorir empedernir garantir (normally changed through garantizar, which is common) soler (at all times used as helping verb, so many forms, even though conceivable, won't make sense) usucapir (to acquire belongings rights via standard use; handiest within the infinitive in legal texts)[7]

The following two verbs was once defective verbs but are actually most often conjugated.

abolir (the Nueva gramática de los angeles lengua española from the Real Academia (section 4.14d) now conjugates it generally, using abolo / aboles, and so on.) agredir

Swedish

The auxiliary verb måste "must" lacks an infinitive, except for in Swedish dialects spoken in Finland. Also, the verb is unique in that the form måste serves as both a gift ("must") and past ("had to") form. The supine måst is uncommon.

Turkish

While the Turkish copula is not considered a verb in modern Turkish, it originated as the defective verb "imek"—which is now written and pronounced as a suffix of the predicate. Imek and the suffixes derived from it most effective exist in some tenses; in others, it's changed through "olmak" (to turn out to be). It can conjugate in past worrying: i-di(Past) i-miş (Past)

Ukrainian

Ukrainian Verbs ending on -вісти (розповісти-to inform, perfective and відповісти-to solution, perfective) lack imperative temper forms; imperfective verbs are used as a substitute (for instance, відповідай).

Welsh

Welsh has a number of defective verbs, quite a lot of which can be archaic or literary. Some of the extra not unusual ones in everyday use include dylwn ("I should/ought"), discovered simplest in the imperfect and pluperfect tenses, meddaf ("I say"), found most effective in the reward and imperfect, and geni ("to be born"), which handiest has a verb-noun and impersonal forms, e.g. Ganwyd hi (She used to be born, actually "one bore her").

See additionally

Unpaired word – another form of lexical gap

Citations

^ Girodet, Jean. Dictionnaire du bon français, Bordas, 1981. .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:lend a hand.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")appropriate 0.1em middle/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolour:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errorshow:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintshow:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inheritISBN 2-04-010580-8, ^ Smyth, Herbert Weir (1956) [1920]. Greek Grammar. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0-674-36250-0. §§362, 368a ^ Robert Daland; Andrea D. Sims; Janet Pierrehumbert. Much ado about nothing: A social network type of Russian paradigmatic gaps (PDF). Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistic. ^ Luc Baronian and Elena Kulinich. "Paradigm gaps in Whole Word Morphology". Printed in Irregularity in Morphology (and Beyond) (2012). ^ Репетитор по английскому языку в Санкт-Петербурге (Russian) ^ Tatiana (2010-10-13). "Russian defective verbs". Archived from the unique on 2 November 2014. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) ^ a b Butt, John. A New Reference Grammar to Modern Spanish. 5th Edition. p. 175.

General references

Baerman, Matthew; Dunstan Brown; Greville G. Corbett (2009a). Surrey Typological Database on Defectiveness. University of Surrey. doi:10.15126/SMG.21/1. Baerman, Matthew; Dunstan Brown; Greville G. Corbett (2009b). Surrey Cross-linguistic Database on Defectiveness. University of Surrey. doi:10.15126/SMG.21/2. Baerman, Matthew; Greville G. Corbett; Dunstan Brown, eds. (2010). Defective paradigms: Missing forms and what they let us know. Proceedings of the British Academy 163. Oxford: Oxford University Press and British Academy. ISBN 9780197264607.vteLexical classes and their optionsNoun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal / DeverbalVerbForms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive Verbal nounTypes Ambitransitive Andative / Venitive Anticausative Autocausative Auxiliary Captative Catenative Compound Copular Defective Denominal Deponent Ditransitive Dynamic Exceptional case-marking Frequentative Germanic sturdy Germanic weak Impersonal Inchoative Intransitive Labile Lexical Light Modal Negative Performative Phrasal Predicative Preterite-present Pure Reflexive Regular / Irregular Separable Stative Stretched Transitive Unaccusative UnergativeAdjective Anti-intersective Collateral Common Demonstrative Intersective Nominalized Non-intersective Possessive Postpositive Proper Pure intersective Relative subsective SubsectiveAdverb Conjunctive Flat Genitive Interrogative Locative Prepositional Pronominal RelativePronoun Bound variable Demonstrative Disjunctive Distributive Donkey Dummy Formal / Informal Gender-neutral / Gender-specific Inclusive / Exclusive Indefinite Intensive Interrogative Personal Possessive Reciprocal Reflexive Relative Resumptive Strong / Weak Subject / Object / PrepositionalAdposition Casally modulated Inflected StrandedDeterminer Article Demonstrative Interrogative Possessive QuantifierParticle Discourse Interrogative Modal Noun PossessiveDifferent Classifier Measure note Complementizer Conjunction Copula Coverb Expletive Interjection Ideophone Onomatopoeia Preverb Procedure be aware Pro-form Pro-verb / Pro-sentence Prop-word Yes and no Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defective_verb&oldid=1006503183"